Postmodern Epistemology and the Fragmentation of Fardhu ‘Ain Knowledge Among Contemporary Muslims: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

This article analyzes the relationship between the level of mastery of fardhu ‘ain knowledge (Aqidah, Fiqh, and Tasawwuf) among contemporary Muslims and the challenges posed by postmodern thought. Employing a qualitative research design through a systematic literature review, the study examines the direct impact of postmodern epistemological deconstruction on the intellectual structure and religious practice of the Muslim community. The findings indicate that postmodern thought, characterized by the rejection of absolute truth (meta-narratives), the adoption of relativism, and a paradigmatic shift toward anthropocentrism, has triggered a crisis of meaning, skepticism toward revelation, and the rejection of religious authority. At the same time, the level of Muslims’ mastery of fardhu ‘ain knowledge is found to be at a concerning stage, as it suffers from disciplinary fragmentation, remains largely theoretical and static, and is increasingly exposed to “digital taqlid” and forms of religiosity driven by social validation (performative piety). These weaknesses expose society to moral relativism, a spiritual crisis, and the normalization of lifestyles that conflict with Shariah principles, such as LGBTQ+ practices. In addressing these challenges, the study concludes that the teaching and transmission of fardhu ‘ain knowledge must be transformed through a holistic framework grounded in the Hadith of Jibril. The integration of Iman (Aqidah) as the foundation of worldview, Islam (Fiqh) as a system of law, and Ihsan (Tasawwuf) as an ethical compass is essential for constructing a resilient civilizational ecosystem. In conclusion, an integrated mastery of fardhu ‘ain constitutes a critical intellectual defense mechanism to ensure the sustainability of Islamic civilization and to safeguard it from the challenges of secular pragmatism and the crises of the 21st century.