Mithun in Adi Society: An Anthropological Study of Economy, Rituals and Polity

Abstract

This study examines the mutidimensional role of Mithun (Bos frontalis ) in the socio-economic, ritual and political life of the Adi tribe of East Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh. Drawing on primary data collected through participant observation, household surveys, semi-structured interviews and field observation supplemented by secondary sources, the paper analysis Mithun as a symbol of wealth, prestige and social security as well as a medium of exchange, compensation and political legitimacy. The findings reveal that Mithun occupies a central position in life cycle rituals, dispute settlement, clan conferences and electoral politics, while also functioning as a critical economic asset during health emergencies and household contingencies. In recent years, increasing demand, high liquidity and rising market prices have contributed to the commercialization of Mithun, particularly through the sale of meat. This transition reflects a broader shift for subsistence-oriented and symbolic use toward market- based exchange, with significant implications for cultural values and sustainability. The study highlights the changing dynamics of Mithun rearing and underscores the need to balance cultural preservation with emerging economic pressures.