Factors Associated to Bullying and the Level of Exposure to Bullying among Secondary Learners

Abstract

This study examined the factors associated with bullying and the level of exposure to bullying among secondary learners, aiming to identify personal, school, and community factors, describe the level of exposure as victims and bullies, and explore the relationship between these factors and exposure levels. Utilizing a descriptive and correlational research design, the study found that self-esteem was strongly related to student involvement in bullying, while leadership tendencies had a moderate connection. Teacher-student interactions were moderately linked to bullying incidents, and a safe, inclusive school environment was strongly associated with bullying prevention. Verbal bullying, characterized by name-calling and teasing, was the most prevalent form and often led to other aggressive behaviors. The study revealed that while personal and school-related factors showed no significant relationship with bullying exposure, community factors significantly influenced both victims' and bullies' exposure levels. The findings emphasize the importance of self-esteem development, positive teacher-student interactions, and a supportive school community in reducing bullying. It recommends implementing programs to boost self-esteem and leadership skills, enhancing teacher training to handle bullying, and involving the community in prevention efforts to foster a safer, more inclusive environment. These comprehensive interventions are vital for addressing bullying effectively and promoting a culture of respect and empathy both within schools and the broader community.