Environmental Features and Spatial Dynamics of Sand Mining in South-Western Nigeria: Field Measurements Perspectives from Ile-Ife

Abstract

Sand is one of the most widely consumed construction materials globally, second only to water, and its extraction has become a pressing environmental concern. This study investigates environmental features and spatial dynamics of sand mining in South-western Nigeria: field measurements perspectives from Ile-Ife focusing on systematic identification, spatial mapping, and environmental characterisation of mining sites. Primary data were collected through field surveys, GPS measurements, and direct observation of land use, vegetation, and topography, while secondary data were sourced from GRID3 archives and Google Earth imagery. Twelve mining sites were identified across five major road corridors (Ilesa, Ede, Ibadan, Ondo, and Modakeke), with varying levels of activity and abandonment. Results reveal distinct differences between pit sand (coarse, red orange deposits) and riverine sand (fine, white grey deposits), each serving different construction purposes. Field measurements show significant expansion of pits over time, with volumes exceeding one million cubic metres in some sites, underscoring the scale of extraction. Environmental attributes around the mines include altered vegetation cover, conversion of farmland, and emerging settlement pressures. The findings highlight the spatial extent and environmental implications of sand mining in Ile Ife, providing critical insights for sustainable resource management, land use planning, and policy interventions in Nigeria.