A Study of Financial and Non-Financial Determinants Towards Poverty Among B40 Manufacturing Employees in Penang

Abstract

This study investigates the financial and non-financial factors contributing to poverty among B40 manufacturing employees in Penang, Malaysia. The primary objective is to examine the influence of employment stability, financial inclusion, financial literacy, family size, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and government financial assistance on poverty among low-income workers in the manufacturing sector. A quantitative research design was employed, where data were collected through questionnaires distributed to manufacturing employees in Penang. A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed, and 312 valid responses were obtained for analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), including reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that financial factors such as financial inclusion and financial literacy significantly influence poverty levels among B40 employees. In addition, non-financial factors including family size and health conditions also play an important role in determining economic vulnerability. The study highlights the importance of integrated policy approaches that combine financial empowerment with social and health support systems. Such strategies are essential to improve the economic resilience and well-being of B40 manufacturing employees in Penang.