Integrated In-Vitro and Silico Assessment of Hydrocotyle Umbellata Crude Extract: Salivary Amylase Inhibition, Molecular Docking, and Predictive ADMET Analysis for Anti-Diabetic Potential

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health concern, prompting the continued search for safe and effective natural agents capable of regulating postprandial hyperglycemia. This study evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of Hydrocotyle umbellata (Takip-Kohol) through in vitro α-amylase inhibition assays, complemented by molecular docking and in silico ADMET analysis to elucidate possible mechanisms and drug-likeness properties. An ethanolic crude extract of H. umbellata leaves was prepared via maceration followed by rotary evaporation and assessed at three dilution concentrations (1:2, 1:5, and 1:10 v/v), with all assays performed in triplicate to ensure reproducibility. The inhibitory activity against salivary α-amylase was quantitatively measured, and corresponding IC₅₀ values were determined.