Greed, Grievance, and Guns: A Resource-Driven Conflict in Zimbabwe's Mining Communities - A Case Study of Marange Diamond Mines

Abstract

Resource wealth has frequently served as a double-edged sword in Zimbabwe, generating economic opportunities while simultaneously fueling localized conflicts in mining communities. This study investigates the dynamics of resource-driven conflict through an enhanced application of the greed-grievance theoretical framework, focusing on Zimbabwe's diamond-rich Marange region. The research examines how economic incentives, social marginalization, weak governance structures, and militarized actors interact to escalate violence at the micro-community level. Through systematic analysis of secondary data from academic studies, government reports, and NGO publications (2016-2025), complemented by structured quantitative assessment of conflict patterns, this research demonstrates that mining zone conflicts emerge from complex interactions between greed for mineral wealth and grievances over social, political, and environmental injustices. Employing a mixed-methods approach with purposive sampling (n=347 documents) and statistical analysis including chi-square tests (χ²=23.45, p<0.001), logistic regression models (R²=0.68), and content analysis (inter-rater reliability κ=0.82), the study provides robust evidence for the multifaceted nature of resource conflicts. Findings suggest that sustainable peace in Zimbabwe's mining communities requires comprehensive interventions addressing both economic drivers and structural grievances, including transparent governance mechanisms, community-based resource management, and inclusive benefit-sharing arrangements.