A Review of Effective Teaching Model for Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Enhancing Skill Mastery among TVET Students

Abstract

Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) plays a crucial role in equipping learners with relevant technical competencies in industry and employability skills. This review aims to identify and analyse effective models of teaching that enhance skills mastery among TVET students. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, 10 studies published between 2020 and 2025 were examined from reputable databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect and Emerald Insight. The analysis revealed five dominant teaching models applied in TVET context which is Competency-Based Education and Training (CBET), Problem-Based Learning (PBL), Experiential Learning, Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL), and Blended Learning. Findings indicate that effective teaching models share key elements including active learning strategies, integration of employability and soft skills, clearly defined learning objectives and competency outcomes, supportive instructor facilitation and continuous assessment and feedback for mastery. Among these, CBET emerged as the most effective model due to its direct alignment with Malaysia’s National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS) underscore performance-based assessment and job readiness. The study concludes that integrating multiple models, supported by continuous curriculum review, professional development and industry collaboration can optimized skills mastery and enhance TVET graduate’s employability.