Forest Governance in Nigeria: Examining the Limits of Centralised Institutional Frameworks

Abstract

This study critically examines the structure, dynamics, and outcomes of forest governance in Nigeria, with a focus on the limitations of its centralised institutional framework. The study adopts a narrative review research design, drawing on a systematically selected body of literature published primarily between 2000 and 2025. Relevant studies were identified through major academic databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and JSTOR) using defined keyword combinations. A purposive sampling approach guided the inclusion of peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and empirical case studies that address governance structures, implementation processes, and livelihood implications in Nigeria and comparable contexts. The final sample comprised studies that met explicit inclusion criteria for institutional analysis, community participation, and conservation outcomes. Findings reveal that forest governance in Nigeria is predominantly centralised and top-down, characterised by weak intergovernmental coordination, limited enforcement capacity at the federal level, and discretionary implementation by states. Empirical evidence consistently shows that exclusion of local communities from decision-making undermines compliance, fuels resource-use conflicts and sustains illegal activities such as logging and poaching. While some conservation gains are reported, particularly in protected areas like Cross River National Park, these are offset by adverse livelihood outcomes, including restricted access to forest resources, income loss, and heightened rural poverty. The review also identifies significant gaps in the literature, including limited comparative analyses, overreliance on qualitative case studies, and insufficient longitudinal data to establish causal relationships. The study concludes that the effectiveness of forest governance in Nigeria is contingent on institutional legitimacy, accountability, and the integration of local livelihood needs. It recommends a transition towards inclusive and adaptive governance models that recognise customary rights, strengthen multi-level coordination, and promote participatory forest management for sustainable environmental and socio-economic outcomes.