Cost, Performance, and Sustainability Comparison between ICE Vehicles, Electric Vehicles and Alternate Fuel Vehicles and Their Impact on Adoption Intention

Abstract

The global automotive industry is undergoing a significant transformation driven by environmental concerns, rising fuel costs, and technological advancements. This study presents a focused comparative analysis of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, Electric Vehicles (EVs), and Alternate Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) across two primary objectives: (1) to compare these vehicle types in terms of cost, performance, and sustainability, and (2) to analyse how these factors influence user satisfaction, which in turn affects adoption intention. A quantitative descriptive research approach was adopted, with primary data collected from 255 respondents through a structured Likert-scale questionnaire. Statistical tools including One-Way ANOVA (Welch's), Tukey post-hoc tests, multiple regression analysis, and mediation analysis were applied using JAMOVI 2.3.28. The instrument reliability was confirmed through a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.814. Results indicate that while cost and performance perceptions do not differ significantly across vehicle types, sustainability perceptions are significantly higher among EV and AFV owners. Regression analysis reveals that performance is the strongest driver of user satisfaction (β = 0.438), followed by cost (β = 0.391) and sustainability (β = 0.304). Mediation analysis confirms that user satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between each factor and adoption intention. The findings provide actionable insights for consumers, manufacturers, and policymakers navigating the transition to sustainable transportation.