The Effectiveness of Gamification Mechanics on Vocabulary Retention among English Language Learners: A Systematic Literature Review (2021-2025)

Abstract

This systematic literature review investigates the role of gamification mechanics in improving vocabulary retention among English language learners (ELLs). Drawing on 15 empirical studies published between 2021 and 2025, the review explores how gamified strategies such as competition, cooperation, repetition, and multimedia feedback contribute to vocabulary learning. The findings suggest that gamification significantly enhances vocabulary retention by fostering engagement and motivation. Competitive mechanics, such as points and leaderboards, promote short-term motivation but can lead to anxiety for some learners, while cooperative mechanics encourage social interaction and collaboration, improving overall learning experiences. Additionally, gamified tools incorporating repetition and active recall were found to be highly effective in reinforcing vocabulary retention. The integration of multimedia feedback provided learners with immediate corrections, further enhancing learning outcomes. Overall, this review demonstrates that gamification offers a promising approach to vocabulary retention, though future research is needed to evaluate its long-term effectiveness and the influence of learner characteristics on the success of gamified strategies.