Investigation of Sustainability and Profitability of Correctional Centers in Nigeria

Abstract

The Nigerian Correctional Service Act (2019) envisions a rehabilitative system, but the operational realities are defined by overcrowding, underfunding, and systemic inefficiencies. This systematic review explores how sustainability and profitability are integrated in this difficult environment and reconceptualizes what is meant by profit to encompass economic returns and the social value of less recidivism. In a review of 58 studies, the research found that there were critical obstacles such as catastrophic overcrowding, deteriorated infrastructure, and a fundamental disconnect between policy and practise in rehabilitation, which resulted in recidivism rates as high as 75%. Nonetheless, the review also singles out the possible international models such as vocational industries, prison agricultural work, and social enterprises, which provide access to cost reduction, internal revenue streams and effective reintegration of inmates. The main contribution of the study is the original hybrid framework that suggests three synergistic pillars, namely: (1) the establishment of the decongestion base through non-custodial actions; (2) the creation of market-aligned, Sustainable Enterprise Zones of agribusiness, manufacturing and digital services; and, (3) the creation of an integrated circuit of reintegration to secure post release support. The paper finds that the conversion of the Nigeria correctional facilities into a sustainable institution depends on addressing the challenge of governance, establishment of economic value, and development of an indestructible connection with community integration. This study gives a critical roadmap to policymakers and demonstrates the need to conduct pilot studies to empirically test the feasibility and effects of the proposed framework.