Constraints to the Adoption of New Cocoa Cultivars (CRIN TC1-TC8) among Farmers in Osun State

Abstract

This study examines the adoption dynamics of improved cocoa cultivars (CRIN TC1-TC8) among smallholder farmers in Osun State, Nigeria, a key cocoa-producing region facing productivity declines due to aging trees, pests, diseases, and climate variability. Despite governmental initiatives like the Cocoa Growth Enhancement Support program and the introduction of high-yielding, disease-resistant TC varieties by the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), adoption remains suboptimal. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was employed, and data were collected from 104 farmers across seven Local Government Areas (Atakumosa East, Ede South, Ife Central, Ife East, Ife North, Ife South, and Ilesha East) using structured questionnaires. Stratified proportionate random sampling ensured representation of adopters (30.8%) and non-adopters (69.2%). Findings reveal a low adoption rate of 30.8%. Socio-economic profiles indicate an aging farmer base (x̄ = 52.85 years), high literacy (94.2%), small farm sizes (x̄ = 4.87 ha), and reliance on rain-fed systems (95.2%), hired labor (78.8%), and traditional pest management (85.6%). Key constraints, ranked by severity, include pest and disease pressure (x̄ = 2.34), inadequate extension services (x̄ = 1.99), financial limitations (x̄ = 1.98), and limited access to quality planting materials (x̄ = 1.94). Remarkably, 98.1% of farmers expressed willingness to adopt, highlighting systemic rather than attitudinal barriers. Grounded in Diffusion of Innovations and Theory of Change frameworks, the study underscores the need for targeted interventions: enhanced IPM training, revitalized extension, financial support, and decentralized seedling distribution. These measures could bridge the adoption gap, boost yields, enhance resilience, and sustain Nigeria's cocoa sector, ultimately improving smallholder livelihoods and economic contributions.