An Archaeological Study on the Naga Symbol Associated With Tanks in the Historical Period of Sri Lanka

Abstract

The hydraulic civilization of ancient Sri Lanka is built upon a unique foundation blending advanced engineering technology and spiritual beliefs. Among the various symbols associated with the irrigation industry, the 'Naga' figure holds a special position. This research explores the archaeological as well as the socio-cultural value of Naga symbols found in association with ancient tanks, sluice gates, and water gardens. The primary objective here is to understand the reasons for employing the Naga as the main guardian of water sources and how the usage of this symbol evolved from animistic beliefs to the creation of Buddhist art. Data for this has been gathered through the study of primary historical chronicles and archaeological reports, as well as field observations of key sites belonging to the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa eras. Research findings indicate that the Naga symbol fulfilled two purposes: namely, acting as a spiritual protector believed to control rain and water, and serving as a semiotic marker highlighting the importance of water management. Symbolizing prosperity and protection, the transformation of the Naga from an animal form to a human-like 'Naga Raja' figure is clearly evident through the evolution of guard stone designs.