The Role of Self-Efficacy and Business Simulation towards Entrepreneurial Traits Development

Abstract

Although entrepreneurship has been prioritized in the Twelfth Malaysia Plan (RMK-12) and the National TVET Policy, current practices remain largely theoretical and offer limited opportunities for experiential learning. In addressing this gap, the study employs a Design and Development Research (DDR) approach which focusing on the module’s initial design phase. Grounded in experiential learning theory, the design process will incorporate needs analysis, literature review, and expert consultation to ensure contextual relevance and pedagogical consistency. The module also integrates interactive simulation-based activities aimed at strengthening entrepreneurial self-efficacy, decision-making, and business acumen. The first phase is known as module’s conceptualization and structure. Subsequently, the phases will involve systematic validation and evaluation. The study contributes to entrepreneurship education by presenting a replicable design framework and delivering a practical, student-centred simulation tool tailored for TVET institutions.