Border Management and Insecurity in Nigeria

Abstract

Nigeria’s vast and porous land and maritime borders pose major challenges to effective border management, significantly contributing to the country’s insecurity. The numerous unofficial crossing points, difficult terrains, and limited surveillance systems enable illicit activities such as small arms proliferation, terrorism, human and drug trafficking, cattle rustling, and irregular migration. These transnational crimes worsen internal conflicts and criminal networks. Weaknesses in Nigeria’s border governance—stemming from inadequate funding, corruption, poor inter-agency coordination, and weak political commitment—have created opportunities for groups like Boko Haram, bandits, and secessionists to smuggle weapons, recruit fighters, and conduct cross-border attacks. The unchecked movement of people and goods also strains local economies, heightens ethnic tensions, and deepens socio-economic instability in border regions. This study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to border security that integrates advanced surveillance technologies, intelligence gathering, inter-agency cooperation, regional partnerships, and community engagement. Strengthening the capacity of border personnel and addressing the marginalization of border communities are vital for building trust and enhancing security. Effective border management, therefore, is essential not only for combating insecurity but also for achieving lasting peace and sustainable national development.