Biodegradable Materials and Renewable Materials Innovation with Eggshell Powder in Sustainable Product Design

Abstract

This research addresses the growing global challenge of plastic waste, resource depletion, and industrial reliance on non-renewable materials by exploring the potential of eggshell powder (ESP) as a biodegradable and renewable alternative in sustainable product design. Although significant progress has been made in biopolymer and composite development, much of the research remains fragmented, with limited integration of material science findings into industrial design frameworks. The aim of this study is to conceptualize the role of ESP in advancing biodegradable materials and renewable materials innovation within the context of sustainable product design. Adopting a mixed-method conceptual approach, the study synthesizes recent empirical findings, analyzes laboratory-based performance data, and reviews relevant theoretical frameworks including eco-design and circular economy models. Findings indicate that ESP can enhance barrier and thermal properties in bioplastics, improve compressive strength in cementitious systems at low substitution levels, and serve as a precursor for higher-value applications such as hydroxyapatite production. However, performance trade-offs remain, particularly in tensile strength and workability, and challenges persist in scaling, dispersion, and user-centered adoption. The study implies that ESP has strong potential for integration into sustainable manufacturing and design practices, particularly in Malaysia where eggshell waste is abundant. It concludes that bridging technical optimization with circular economy strategies and design-for-sustainability principles will be critical to transforming ESP from laboratory experimentation into viable industrial practice.