Beyond Convenience: The Role of AI Reliance in Shaping 21st-Century Skills of Higher Education Students

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI)–generated tools such as ChatGPT, Bard, and Copilot have become increasingly integrated into higher education, transforming how students accomplish academic tasks. While these technologies provide convenience and efficiency, concerns remain regarding their influence on the development of essential 21st-century skills, particularly creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration. This study examined the relationship between students’ reliance on AI-generated tools and the development of these 21st-century skills among undergraduate students at Negros Oriental State University. Using a quantitative descriptive–correlational research design, data were gathered from 35 pre-service teachers through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Product–Moment Correlation, t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed to analyze the data. Findings revealed that respondents demonstrated a high level of reliance on AI-generated tools for academic purposes, particularly in brainstorming ideas, verifying information, and completing academic tasks. Students also generally agreed that AI positively contributed to their creativity, communication, collaboration, and critical thinking skills. However, moderate indicators suggested that students were not entirely dependent on AI technologies and still maintained independent learning practices. The study concludes that AI-generated tools can serve as valuable academic support systems when used responsibly and critically. Educational institutions are encouraged to establish guidelines promoting ethical AI use while strengthening independent thinking and higher-order cognitive skills.