An Integrated Conceptual Framework for the Use of Duckweed in Domestic Aquaculture: Socioeconomic and Spatial Perspectives in Malaysia

Abstract

The rising demand for commercial fish feed has created significant economic pressure on aquaculture farmers, particularly small-scale operators with limited financial resources. In Malaysia, this challenge affects the sustainability and profitability of domestic aquaculture systems. Although duckweed (Lemna spp.) has been widely recognized as a high-protein and cost-effective alternative feed source, studies examining its socioeconomic and spatial implications remain limited. This paper develops an integrated conceptual framework by combining the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA), Sustainable Aquaculture Framework (SAF), and Circular Economy Model (CEM). The framework explains how duckweed utilization may reduce feed costs, improve production efficiency, strengthen farmer well-being, and support environmental sustainability across different spatial settings. The proposed framework contributes to the literature by offering a multidisciplinary perspective and provides a foundation for future empirical research and policy interventions aimed at developing a more inclusive and resilient domestic aquaculture sector in Malaysia.