Establishing A Local Norm of Assessment for Arm Strength Using One-Repetition Maximum Push-Up Test in Bukidnon, Philippines

Abstract

Standardized, population-specific norms enhance the reliability, validity, and fairness of fitness assessments by enabling accurate interpretation of test results across demographic groups. However, commonly used push-up test norms are largely repetition-based and generalized, limiting their applicability for adolescent populations with distinct developmental and contextual characteristics. This study aimed to establish normative standards for an estimated one-repetition maximum (1RM) push-up test using the Epley formula among high school students in Bukidnon and to determine whether estimated 1RM performance differs by age, gender, geographic location, and physical activity level. A cross-sectional descriptive–comparative design was employed, involving 998 public high school students (N = 998) who completed a standardized, cadence-controlled push-up protocol. Estimated 1RM push-up scores were derived using the Epley equation and analyzed using descriptive statistics and percentile cut-offs. Group differences were examined using appropriate comparative statistical tests for age, physical activity level, gender, and geographic location, with effect sizes reported. Results indicated significant differences in estimated 1RM push-up performance across age, gender, and geographic location, all with small effect sizes, while no significant differences were observed across physical activity levels. Based on percentile distributions, age-, gender-, and locale-specific strength norms were proposed, classifying performance into Poor, Fair, Good, Very Good, and Excellent categories. These findings support the use of estimated 1RM push-up norms as a safe and context-sensitive tool for assessing adolescent muscular strength and for informing school-based fitness evaluation practices. Future research is recommended to expand the norming process across broader populations, incorporate additional strength assessment methods for validation, and examine longitudinal changes in adolescent strength development.