Enhancing Student Engagement Using Online Simulation Games in Learning Construction Materials: A Qualitative Case Study among Construction Management Students

Abstract

Student engagement is a critical determinant of effective learning in construction education, particularly in technical subjects such as Construction Materials, where students are required to understand complex material properties and their real-world applications. However, traditional lecture-based teaching methods often limit active participation, reduce experiential learning opportunities, and hinder students’ ability to connect theoretical knowledge with practical construction scenarios. In response to these challenges, this study explores strategies for enhancing student engagement through the use of an online simulation game among Construction Management students. A qualitative case study design was adopted, involving semi-structured interviews with 22 undergraduate students who experienced simulation-based learning activities. The data were analysed using content analysis to identify key themes related to student engagement. The findings revealed five main factors influencing engagement: interactivity in learning processes, gamification and motivation elements, realism and experiential learning experience, technical usability challenges, and collaborative learning integration. Students reported that interactive simulation tasks improved attention and participation, while gamification features such as points, levels, and rewards enhanced motivation. Realistic simulation scenarios strengthened their understanding by linking theory to practice, whereas collaborative activities promoted communication, peer learning, and shared problem-solving. However, usability issues such as system lag and interface complexity were identified as barriers that may affect learning continuity. Based on these findings, the study proposes an Online Simulation Game Engagement Strategy (OSGES), which integrates pedagogical, technological, and social dimensions to enhance student engagement in construction education. The strategy emphasises structured simulation integration, task-based learning, gamified motivation, collaborative engagement, and continuous feedback mechanisms. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on game-based learning in higher education and provides practical guidance for educators seeking to enhance student engagement in Construction Materials and related construction disciplines through innovative digital learning approaches.