Blockchain-Based Electoral Systems as a Remedy for Electoral Fraud: Evidence from Nigeria's Democratic Experience

Abstract

Electoral integrity remains one of the most critical challenges confronting emerging democracies, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This article examines the viability of Hyperledger Fabric blockchain technology as a systemic solution to the pervasive electoral fraud, institutional distrust, and process opacity that have undermined democratic governance in Nigeria. Drawing on primary survey data collected from 800 Nigerian voters across all 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, this study analyses public perceptions of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), identifies the structural weaknesses in Nigeria's electoral framework, and evaluates the technical architecture of a proposed blockchain-based voting system. Survey results reveal that approximately 65% of respondents attribute electoral failures primarily to INEC, while over 85% expressed no confidence in the commission's ability to conduct transparent elections. Respondents overwhelmingly called for tamper-proof, technology-driven electoral systems. The proposed Hyperledger Fabric-based system, incorporating biometric authentication, decentralised ledger technology, and real-time result transmission, is posited as a cost-effective and structurally sound alternative to existing electoral infrastructure. At an estimated implementation cost of approximately 100 billion Naira a fraction of the 400+ billion Naira spent in the 2023 general elections the system offers significant fiscal and democratic value. The article concludes with policy recommendations for institutional reform, regulatory alignment, and phased technological adoption.